Protein tyrosine phosphtase non-receptor type 23 (PTPN23) plays a critical role in regulating epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling and its loss has been associated with aberrant cell proliferation and promotes onset of epithelial cancers. However, the role of PTPN23 in the intestinal epithelium has not been investigated yet. Here, we investigated how PTPN23 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) affects intestinal homeostasis.

To study the role of PTPN23 in the intestinal epithelium, we crossed mice with a LoxP flanked PTPN23 gene (PTPN23^fl/fl mice) to mice expressing the CreERT construct under the villin promoter (PTPN23-VilCreERT mice). PTPN23 was deleted in IEC in these mice by tamoxifen-injections on five consecutive days. PTPN23 ^fl/fl mice injected with tamoxifen served as control.

PTPN23 deletion in IEC resulted in drastic loss of weight starting around 10-14days after the first tamoxifen injection, eventually leading to death within 3-5 weeks due to severe wasting disease with severe diarrhea. Histology revealed massive hyper-proliferation of the colonic epithelium accompanied with elevated immune cell infiltration. In line with previous reports on the function of PTPN23, we observed highly elevated levels of EGF receptor, possibly accounting for the massive epithelial hyper-proliferation and aberrant water secretion/defective water resorption in these mice. Furthermore, we observed bacterial translocation to the spleen and the liver, indicating defective anti-bacterial defense in the intestinal epithelium of PTPN23-VilCreERT mice. In line with this, 16S sequencing revealed significant differences in the intestinal microbiome with an overgrowth of bacteria that have been reported to be heavily coated with IgA. PTPN23-VilCreERT mice showed reduced apical presence of the poly Ig receptor, a receptor that transports IgA from the lamina propria through IEC into the gut lumen. Notably, while serum IgA levels were normal, its levels in the stool were reduced, confirming defective transport of IgA into the gut lumen. In addition, autophagy was significantly reduced in PTPN23-VilCreERT mice when compared to their littermates. Of interest, antibiotic treatment was sufficient to prevent epithelial hyper-proliferation, diarrhea and death in PTPN23VilCreERT mice, indicating that this drastic phenotype was microbiota-dependent and likely the result of defects in bacterial handling.

Our results demonstrate that PTPN23 is indispensible for normal IEC function and its loss renders the intestinal epithelium unable to cope with invading bacteria. This uncovers a novel, so far unknown role of PTPN23 for regulating pathways involved in bacterial handling.

In a previous real-world study of long-term (up to 4 years) treatment with golimumab (GLM) in ulcerative colitis (UC), patients reported a low overall colectomy incidence (5.8%).¹ This analysis evaluates the incidence of colectomy among patients with moderate-to-severe active UC in the PURSUIT-maintenance (-M)² and long-term extension (-LTE)³ studies.

Eligible PURSUIT-M trial participants completed a 6-week GLM induction trial without requiring colectomy.^4,5 Responders to GLM induction were randomised 1:1:1 to GLM 50 mg, 100 mg, or placebo (PBO) maintenance for up to 1 year, administered every 4 weeks (q4w). Nonresponders to GLM or PBO induction received GLM 100 mg; responders to PBO induction received PBO (each administered q4w for up to 1 year). Participants experiencing loss of clinical response during maintenance were eligible for one treatment intensification (switch from PBO to GLM 100 mg, or GLM dose increase). Participants who completed PURSUIT-M were eligible to continue their treatment in the 3-year PURSUIT-LTE study. Colectomy (total or partial) was a prespecified outcome in PURSUIT-M; serious adverse event narratives and safety summaries were also examined for reports of colectomy (total or partial). For PURSUIT-LTE, serious adverse event narratives and safety summaries were examined for reports of colectomy (total or partial). The reasons for colectomy were not collected systematically in PURSUIT-M or -LTE.  Descriptive information on colectomies was assessed and reported.

A total of 60 (4.9%) colectomies were reported among the 1228 patients who enrolled in the 1-year PURSUIT-M study, including 672 participants who continued into the 3-year LTE study. The table shows the distribution of colectomies by study phase, induction responder status, initial treatment assignment, and treatment prior to colectomy. The colectomy rate during the 3-year extension was lower than that observed during the maintenance phase of the study [1.3% (9/672) compared to 4.2% (51/1228)].

Consistent with previously reported data, this retrospective evaluation of colectomy data from the PURSUIT-M and -LTE studies in patients with moderate-to-severe active UC demonstrated a low occurrence of colectomy with long-term (up to 4 years) GLM treatment. The limited number of colectomies observed in the LTE study occurred predominantly in patients with more severe disease at baseline (induction non-responders) who had been receiving GLM 100 mg. 

References:
1. Iborra M, et al. SciRep. 2020;10:17774
2. Sandborn WJ, et al. Gastroenterol. 2014;146:96–109
3. Reinisch W, et al. J Crohn's Col. 2018;12:1053–1066
4. Sandborn WJ, et al. Gastroenterol. 2014;146:85–95
5. Rutgeerts P, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:504–514

In this real-world-evidence (RWE) study we aimed to analyse the persistence of biologic therapy in biologic-naïve ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and to compare 1-year effectiveness of vedolizumab (VDZ) and anti-TNF.

Between 2017 and 2020, 1200 consecutively enrolled biologic-naïve and biologic- experienced patients with UC and Crohn´s disease (CD) were prospectively included in the VEDO_IBD-Registry from 45 IBD-experienced centres across Germany. After exclusion of bio-experienced patients, CD and missing outcomes, the final sample consisted of 274 biologic-naïve UC-patients with 1-year follow-up data. Switchers of a drug were considered as treatment failure (modified intention-to-treat analysis; mITT) while switchers were excluded from per protocol analysis (PP). Clinical response modified (reduction of partial Mayo score (pMayo) from baseline to 1-year by >3 points or a reduction of at least 30% compared to baseline or reaching remission at 1-year) and (steroid-free) remission rates (pMayo ≤1 plus a bleeding subscore=0 (and no systemic use of steroids or budesonide at 1-year)) were predefined as outcomes. To reduce the effect of confounders, PS adjustment with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was implemented. A weighted logistic regression was used, and the results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

158 VDZ and 116 anti-TNF (ADA: 27.6%, IFX: 57.8%, GOL: 14.7%) biologic-naïve UC-patients were included in this prospective RWE comparing the effectiveness of VDZ vs anti-TNF. Until week 52 significantly more patients switched to another biologic-drug in the anti-TNF group than in the VDZ group (40.5% vs 16.5%; p<0.001) (Fig. 1). In mITT, clinical response at 1-year was significantly higher in VDZ than in anti-TNF treated patients (61.7% vs. 40.3%; OR 2.39 (95% CI 1.39-4.10)). VDZ also tended to be superior to anti-TNF for (steroid-free) remission (Tab. 1; p=0.058 (p=0.051)). In the PP-analysis, VDZ showed numerically higher 1-year effectiveness, but this did not reach statistical significance (Tab. 1). Analysing week-14 induction phase responders (Tab. 2), VDZ had numerically higher effectiveness rates compared to anti-TNF but without significant difference.

The 1-year maintenance findings suggested, in line with our previous induction phase data, only moderate long-term effectiveness in both groups. However, besides the significant response data, VDZ showed numerically higher remission rates compared to anti-TNF though only borderline significant. The higher treatment persistence of VDZ vs anti-TNF, along with the higher effectiveness, may suggest VDZ as a first-line biologic therapy option in UC patients.

MDT case discussions

IBD Multidisciplinary Team (nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, psychologists, etc.)

1. To understand the chronicity of IBD and the need for continuous remission of symptoms
2. To review the drugs available to treat IBD, their indications, their limitations, their optimal use and their potential adverse reactions
3. To emphasise the concept of two goals of therapy which are the achievement of remission (induction therapy) and the prevention of disease flares (maintenance therapy)
4. To have an overview on the new drugs under development

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are chronic diseases often with complex treatment. The treatment is lifelong and complex and may include several different pharmaceutical groups and sometimes surgery. Not rarely is treatment resistance developed and the treatment may come with different degrees of side effects. Earlier research has shown insufficient to medication adherence and a lower degree of health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

The aim is to describe the relationship between medication adherence and health-related quality of life in a Swedish population diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. Additional research questions are if any risk factors of low medication adherence can be identified from the collected variables.

This cross-sectional study included N=206 patients from three different regions in Sweden. The questionnaires MMAS-8 and Short Health Scale were used combined with a questionnaire regarding patient characteristics. The data and patient characteristics were described and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Ethical approval has been received from the Regional Ethical Review Board, Linköping, Sweden (no.: 2015/369-31).

The majority of patients had Ulcerative Colitis (62.6%) There were no significant differences between the different groups of Inflammatory Bowel Disease regarding patient characteristics apart from having gone through surgical procedures, which were more common in patients with Crohn’s disease. A small correlation was shown between medication adherence and the health-related quality of life dimension social function (rho = -0.146; p <0.05). Medication adherence showed no significant correlations to the remaining health-related quality of life dimensions: disease related worry, symptom burden and sense of general well-being. Possible risk factors identified for low medication adherence were age between 30 and 50, working at high occupational level, and higher educational level.

The complexity of measuring medication adherence has been established, making it difficult to make any certain conclusions regarding the hypothesis in this report. This study showed no clear association between medication adherence and health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, it visualized the need of optimizing the instruments used to measure medication adherence in individuals with a non-conventional treatment plan

Numerous small molecules and biologics are being tested in phase 1-3 trials. Regarding JAK inihibitors, we still do not know whether JAK selectivity is associated with an improved risk-benefit profile, especially regading zoster risk. TYK2, gut selective or not, look promising and also showed very encouraging results in psoriasis.  Other small molecules targeting integrins or PDE4 may be approbed in a near future. Regarding biologics and beyond biosimilars, many compounds are being developed such as Abivax. One question remains after 2 decades of biologics development : who will beat infliximab? Combination of biologics and bispecific antibodies might tackle this issue. Pending these molecules, many head to head trials are ongoing.

Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) in the intestinal epithelium is a pathophysiological hallmark of IBD. cGAS/STING is an innate immune pathway involved in the detection of double stranded DNA fragments leading to the subsequent induction of type I IFN responses. We here tested the hypothesis that chronic ER stress impairs cGAS/STING signalling in the intestinal epithelium. 

Mice with a conditional intestinal epithelial deletion of Xbp1 (Xbp1^ΔIEC, Xbp1^fl/fl) were used to assess intestinal epithelial STING expression in-vivo. Small intestinal organoids (Xbp1^ΔIEC, Xbp1^fl/fl) and cell lines (Mode K, iCtrl and iXbp1) were used to assess cGAS/STING signalling in-vitro using STING agonist (dsDNA, DMXAA). Murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection assays were performed in iCtrl and iXbp1cells and Xbp1^ΔIEC, Xbp1^fl/fl mice to functionally link impaired cGAS/STING to pathogen response. LC-MS profiling was performed in iCtrl and iXbp1cells to identify underlying metabolic programs affecting cGAS/STING responses in ER-stressed cells. IBD biopsy samples (cross-sectional, longitudinal therapy response cohort) were used to validate key molecular phenotypes in human IBD. 

Compared to Xbp1^fl/fl mice, Xbp1^ΔIEC show completely abrogated STING expression in the basal crypt compartment of the small intestinal epithelium. In line with that iXbp1 ModeK cells displayed impaired pathway activation (TBK1) and interferon inducible gene expression (Cxcl10) in response to cGAS/STING stimulation and towards mCMV infection, leading to increased viral replication compared to iCtrl cells. In-vivo mCMV infection led to augmented small intestinal histopathological disease activity in Xbp1^ΔIEC, but not Xbp1^fl/fl mice. Using LC-MS, we show that ER-stress induces a metabolic adaptation towards increased serin/glycin metabolism, which is used to counterbalance reactive oxygen species (ROS) via glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Pharmacological interception of key pathways of GSH synthesis of deprivation of serin/glycin phenocopies ER-stress in abrogating STING signalling in IECs. Lastly, we show that key aspects of metabolic adaptation to ER-stress are present in intestinal biopsies of IBD patients. 

Our data describe a novel mechanism of metabolic adaptation to compensate ER-stress and maintain intestinal epithelial cGAS/STING signalling. We therefore put forward a model of ER-stress driven immunodeficiency via cGAS/STING signalling which renders the intestinal mucosa susceptible towards CMV infection in the context of IBD.

Educational objectives:
1. To understand the mechanism of action of Methotrexate
2. To review its efficacy and appropriate use (mono-, combitherapy)
3. To learn the appropriate management of Methotrexate and its potential adverse events in daily practice
4. To have an overview on other alternative indications

Educational objectives:
1) To demonstrate that IBD shares many endoscopic and histological features with other diseases.
2) To emphasize that the pathologist needs sufficient and qualitative clinical information to arrive at a correct diagnosis

Summary
Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are especially prevalent in Europe and North America. Their etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown.
IBD is diagnosed by a specialists' team consisting of gastro-enterologists, radiologists, surgeons, endoscopists, and pathologists.
The gastro-intestinal tract has however a limited number of responses to injury, therefore some conditions may simulate IBD clinically and histologically.
The mimickers of IBD fall in 4 groups:
1) Infections (particularly bacterial, but also viral, parasitic and fungal)
2) Specific and localized inflammations (e.g. diverticular colitis, endometriosis)
3) iatrogenic (including mainly drugs and medical interventions)
4) Other rare medical causes of IBD-like changes.  

We have previously shown that treatment with mirikizumab (miri), a p19-directed IL-23 antibody, significantly downregulates inflammatory genes associated with disease activity and upregulates genes expressing epithelial transporter proteins in colonic tissue in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Here we explored the correlation between the expression of colonic mucosa genes and stool frequency (SF), a symptom reflective of disease activity, during the 12-week induction period of a Phase 2 study of patients with moderately to severely active UC (NCT02589665).

Patients were randomised 1:1:1:1 to receive intravenous placebo (PBO), miri 50mg or 200mg with possibility of exposure-based dose increases, or fixed miri 600mg every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. SF was reported daily by patients and transformed on a 4-level ordinal scale [0-3] representing increased SF above their normal or healthy baseline (BL). Patient colonic biopsies (PBO N=58, miri 50mg N=52, 200mg N=51, 600mg N=54) were collected at BL and Week (W)12, and gene expression measured using an Affymetrix HTA2.0 microarray workflow. BL and W12 gene expression or SF values were pooled and associations identified based on non-parametric Kendall’s tau. Pathway analysis (Hallmark and Reactome) of correlated genes was performed using over-representation analysis. p values of enrichment were determined by hypergeometric distribution test and adjusted for multi-testing with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Differential gene expression after miri treatment was determined by paired t-test comparing expression levels at BL and at W12 using data from the 200mg treatment group.

A total of 267 genes were correlated with SF (|tau| >0.3 and qval <0.001).  Of these, 212 were positively correlated (high expression associated with high SF) and 55 were negatively correlated (high expression associated with low SF). The 212 transcripts that were positively correlated with SF were uniformly and consistently downregulated with miri treatment, while the 55 transcripts that negatively correlated with SF, were consistently upregulated with miri treatment (Table 1). Biological pathways significantly associated with the miri-responsive transcripts that correlated with SF included inflammatory response, extracellular matrix dysregulation, neutrophil degranulation and cytokine signaling pathways, especially TNF and IL6 pathways (Table 2).

This is the first study to identify colon-based transcripts that correlate with a clinical disease activity measure, stool frequency, and it demonstrates that treatment with miri may upregulate genes associated with normalization of SF and down regulate genes associated with inflammation in colonic tissue samples of patients with UC.

Long-term outcomes data after modified 2-stage ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA), defined as completion proctectomy (CP) and IPAA without loop ileostomy, is lacking. We aimed to describe long-term functional results, patient satisfaction, and pouch survival in a cohort of patients from a high-volume center. We hypothesized selective m2-stage can result in comparable long-term pouch survival relative to a 3-stage approach.

Our institutional ileal pouch database was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent index IPAA surgery from 1983–2019. Adults >18 years of age who underwent CP with IPAA were included. At our specialized institution, m2-stage is performed selectively based on surgeon judgement. Patients were stratified into 2 groups (3-stage vs m2-stage) and matched on a 1:1 basis based on age ±5, year of operation ±3, gender, preoperative diagnosis, double-stapled vs handsewn, and laparoscopy. Primary outcome was pouch survival, with pouch failure defined as permanent diversion, pouch excision, or conversion to a Kock pouch.

In total, 2,433 patients were included, of whom 2,198 (90.3%) underwent 3-stage IPAA and 235 (9.7%) m2-stage IPAA. Matching resulted in 223 matched pairs, and long-term pouch survival (95.5% vs 93.2%, p=0.32) did not significantly differ (Figure 1). Short-term outcomes in the matched pairs revealed a shorter postoperative length of stay in the 3-stage patients (5 vs 8 days, p<0.001), but no significant difference in postoperative complications (12.1% vs 17%, p=0.09) was seen between the matched 3-stage and m2-stage patients, respectively. Functionally, there was no difference in the number of stools/24 hours (7 vs 7, p=0.33) or in proportion of patients requiring seepage protection at night (29.7% vs 24.6%, p=0.31). However, 3-stage patients required significantly more seepage protection during the day (25.1% vs 15.0%, p=0.02). Regarding pouchitis, there was no difference in the proportion of patients reporting recent symptoms (33.4% vs 33.3%, p=1.0), episodes in the last year (0 vs 0, p=0.51), or pouchitis requiring continuous medication (16.7% vs 10.1%, p=0.10). Patient satisfaction was similar as no difference in the proportion of those who would have surgery again (90.4% vs 93.7%, p=0.34), those who would recommend surgery (94% vs 95.5%, p=0.68), or overall patient satisfaction with surgery on a scale of 1 – 10 (highest) (3 vs 7, p=0.07) was reported.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curve for pouch survival (matched pairs)

Long-term outcomes were similar in patients who underwent modified 2-stage and 3-stage IPAA. Modified 2-stage IPAA is an alternative for selected patients with limited options if performed at high-volume centers in experienced hands.

Summary of the talk

Timely limitation of the inflammatory process is essential, because its self-perpetuation will otherwise lead to the onset of complications and disease progression. In contrast to inflammatory processes, resolution of inflammation and molecular healing are far less well understood in IBD. In-depth characterization of pathways that terminate inflammation and lead to molecular healing has been incomplete to date. Resolution of inflammation involves several active processes rather than just a stepwise clearance of pro-inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have shown that blockade of just one of the pro-inflammatory mediators might be circumvented by the activation of alternative, redundant pro-inflammatory pathways, thus leading to loss of response. An improved understanding of these resistance mechanisms would help us to improve our currently used therapeutic strategies and reveal new treatment targets and concepts. Our future therapeutic aim should be the restoration of mucosal homeostasis and resolution of all perturbed molecular components (e.g. activation of immune cells, perturbed epithelial barrier integrity and disturbed antigen tolerance). This kind of molecular healing might minimize the risk for relapses and lead to lasting control of the disease.

1.)    To understand mechanisms that are involved in the resolution of inflammation and molecular healing in IBD

2.)    To get an overview on identified molecular resistance mechanisms to biological therapies and how they could be therapeutically utilized

3.)    To understand how molecular healing could be defined in IBD

Some genetic polymorphisms (present in less than 30% of patients) and environmental factors, such as tobacco exposure, have been identified to increase the susceptibility for developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but it is suspected that there may be other still unknown environmental or epidemiological factors. In this sense, some studies suggested an increased incidence of IBD in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) for morbid obesity (MO). We aimed to assess whether BS or MO are associated with an increased risk of developing IBD.

All individuals resident in Catalonia (7.7 million inhabitants in 2021) with a diagnosis of obesity or MO within the period 2005-2020 were identified from the Catalan Public Health System Database. Children under the age of 18 and those diagnosed with IBD prior to the diagnosis of obesity or MO were excluded. Individuals BS and those with a new diagnosis of IBD were identified, and the likelihood of developing IBD was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A Cox regression multivariable analysis was performed to assess independent risk factors for the development of IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Three cohorts were identified: 94,473 individuals with MO; 1,009,256 with obesity; and 14,698 who underwent BS during the study period. A total of 4,277 new diagnoses of IBD were identified, of which 78 among individuals who underwent BS prior to IBD diagnosis (0.84 cases per 1000 person-years), 409 among individuals with OM but without BS (0.90 cases per 1000 person-years), and 3,790 in obese individuals (0.60 cases per 1000 person-years). The likelihood of developing IBD was significantly higher in patients with MO as compared with obese patients (HR 1.46; 95%CI 1.32-1.62). These differences were maintained when the likelihood of developing CD or UC were assessed separately. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, MO (HR 1,68; CI95% 1.41-1.99), female gender (HR 1.17; 95%CI 1.05-1.31) and active smoking (HR 1.62; 95%CI 1.43-1.84) were associated with an increased risk of CD. In UC, MO (HR 1,36; 95%CI 1.19-1.55) and BS (HR 2.62; 95%CI 1.34-2.11) were independent risk factors, whereas female gender (HR 0.86; 95%CI 0.79-0.93) was an independent protective factor.

MO is an independent risk factor for the development of IBD, for both CD and UC, whereas BS seems to increase the risk only for UC.

Although respiratory failure is the hallmark of severe disease, it is increasingly clear that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multi-system disorder. The presence of gastrointestinal (Gl) involvement by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been suggested by epidemiological, clinical, non-human primate, in-vitro (enteroid) and ex-vivo (human biopsy) studies. Having recently documented persistence of SAR-CoV-2 within the intestinal epithelium 7 months after infection, here we aimed to study mucosal immune cell abnormalities in individuals with prior history of COVID-19.

Individuals with previous COVID-19 diagnosis (by either RT–PCR or seroconversion) and controls (without RT-PCR or serological evidence of prior COVID-19 infection) undergoing endoscopic evaluation were recruited into the study (Table 1,2). Colonic and small intestinal (duodenal and ileal) biopsies were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry for mucosal immune cell populations including myeloid cells (classical and non-classical monocytes, dendritic cell subsets), T cells (subsets and activation state), B cells (including plasma cells). Persistence of viral antigens was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy (n=30) using a previously published anti-nucleocapsid (NP) antibody.

Thirty subjects with a previous history of COVID-19 (post-COVID), median of 4 months from diagnosis (range 1-10 months), were recruited and compared with 40 normal volunteer (NV) controls. Relative to controls, post-COVID subjects displayed higher frequencies of classical (CD14⁺) monocytes in both, the colon and the small bowel, while significantly higher frequencies of conventional dendritic cells (cDC) 1 (lin^-HLA-DR^hiCD14^-CD11c⁺CD141⁺) and cDC2 (lin-HLA^-DR^hiCD14^--CD11c⁺CD1c⁺) were noted in the colon only. Among T cell subsets, CD8⁺ tissue resident memory T cells (CD8⁺CD69⁺CD103⁺) were significantly increased in colon of post-COVID subjects compared to NV. Among B cell subsets, plasma cells (CD3^-CD27⁺CD38^hi) trended higher (p=0.06), while mucosal B cells (CD3^-CD19⁺) were significantly lower in the terminal ileum of post-COVID subjects compared to NV. Finally, with IF, we detected SARS-CoV-2 NP in 10 out of 30 (33%) of post-COVID subjects (Figure 1).  There were no significant correlations of these cell populations with either time after the infection or IF positivity.

Innate and adaptive immune cell abnormalities persist in the intestinal mucosa of post-COVID subjects for up to 10 months and may reflect viral persistence or immune cell dysregulation in the intestines. These findings have major implications for understanding the pathogenesis of long term sequela of COVID-19, including long-haul COVID. 

Although respiratory failure is the hallmark of severe disease, it is increasingly clear that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multi-system disorder. The presence of gastrointestinal (Gl) involvement by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been suggested by epidemiological, clinical, non-human primate, in-vitro (enteroid) and ex-vivo (human biopsy) studies. Having recently documented persistence of SAR-CoV-2 within the intestinal epithelium 7 months after infection, here we aimed to study mucosal immune cell abnormalities in individuals with prior history of COVID-19.

Individuals with previous COVID-19 diagnosis (by either RT–PCR or seroconversion) and controls (without RT-PCR or serological evidence of prior COVID-19 infection) undergoing endoscopic evaluation were recruited into the study (Table 1,2). Colonic and small intestinal (duodenal and ileal) biopsies were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry for mucosal immune cell populations including myeloid cells (classical and non-classical monocytes, dendritic cell subsets), T cells (subsets and activation state), B cells (including plasma cells). Persistence of viral antigens was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy (n=30) using a previously published anti-nucleocapsid (NP) antibody.

Thirty subjects with a previous history of COVID-19 (post-COVID), median of 4 months from diagnosis (range 1-10 months), were recruited and compared with 40 normal volunteer (NV) controls. Relative to controls, post-COVID subjects displayed higher frequencies of classical (CD14⁺) monocytes in both, the colon and the small bowel, while significantly higher frequencies of conventional dendritic cells (cDC) 1 (lin^-HLA-DR^hiCD14^-CD11c⁺CD141⁺) and cDC2 (lin-HLA^-DR^hiCD14^--CD11c⁺CD1c⁺) were noted in the colon only. Among T cell subsets, CD8⁺ tissue resident memory T cells (CD8⁺CD69⁺CD103⁺) were significantly increased in colon of post-COVID subjects compared to NV. Among B cell subsets, plasma cells (CD3^-CD27⁺CD38^hi) trended higher (p=0.06), while mucosal B cells (CD3^-CD19⁺) were significantly lower in the terminal ileum of post-COVID subjects compared to NV. Finally, with IF, we detected SARS-CoV-2 NP in 10 out of 30 (33%) of post-COVID subjects (Figure 1).  There were no significant correlations of these cell populations with either time after the infection or IF positivity.

Innate and adaptive immune cell abnormalities persist in the intestinal mucosa of post-COVID subjects for up to 10 months and may reflect viral persistence or immune cell dysregulation in the intestines. These findings have major implications for understanding the pathogenesis of long term sequela of COVID-19, including long-haul COVID. 

Anal ulcerations are frequently observed in Crohn's disease (CD). Their natural history remains poorly known, especially in pediatric-onset CD. The aims of this study were: to determine in a population-based study the risk of anal ulcerations in pediatric onset CD; to identify risk factors for anal ulcerations; to evaluate the risk of progression towards suppurative lesions; to evaluate the risk factors of progression towards suppurative lesions.

All patients with a diagnosis of CD before the age of 17 years between 1988 and 2011 within the population-based registry EPIMAD were followed retrospectively until 2013. A specific collection of additional data was performed in patients with anal ulcerations at diagnosis or during follow-up. The variables collected included: proctological examination, diagnostic management (perineal MRI, endoscopic ultrasound, examination under general anaesthesia) and treatment (medical or surgical). Multivariate Cox models were used to identify factors associated with anal ulcerations and factors of progression towards suppurative lesions. An adjusted time-dependent Cox model was used to evaluate the risk of progression of anal ulcerations towards suppurative lesions.

1005 patients were included (females, 450 (44.8%); median age at diagnosis 14.4 years (IQR, 12.0-16.1)). 257 (25.6%) had anal ulceration at diagnosis. Cumulative incidence of anal ulceration at 5 and 10 years from diagnosis was 38.4% (CI95%, 35.2-41.4) and 44.0% (CI95%, 40.5-47.2).

The presence of extra-intestinal manifestations (HR 1.46, CI95% 1.19-1.80, p=0.0003) and upper digestive location (HR 1.51, CI95% 1.23-1.86, p<0.0001) at diagnosis were associated with the occurrence of anal ulceration. Conversely, ileal location at diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of anal ulceration (L2 vs L1 HR 1.51, CI95% 1.11-2.06, p=0.0087; L3 vs L1 HR 1.42, CI95% 1.08-1.85, p=0.0116). Among the 352 patients with at least one episode of anal ulceration, 82 (23.3%) developed perianal suppuration after a median follow-up of 5.7 years (IQR, 2.8-10.6). The risk of perianal suppuration was doubled in patients with anal ulceration compared to those who did not have any ulceration (HR 2.0, CI95% 1.45-2.74, p<0.0001).

In patients with anal ulceration, the diagnostic period (before or since the “biologic era”), exposure to immunosuppressants and/or anti-TNF did not influence the risk of perianal suppuration.

Anal ulceration is frequent in pediatric-onset CD, with nearly half of patients presenting with at least one episode after 10 years of evolution. Perianal suppurations are twice as frequent in patients with present or past anal ulceration. These results plead for a proactive therapeutic approach in case of anal ulcerations.

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s are both chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, associated with an increased risk of colitis-associated cancer secondary to the longstanding and severe intestinal inflammation. To reduce this risk patients are treated with drugs such as immunomodulators and biologicals. Studies however have shown that these therapies may be associated with an increased risk of extra-intestinal cancers as e.g. haematological malignancies, skin cancer, cervix cancer. Different types of drugs are associated with different types of cancer, e.g. patients treated with thiopurines are at risk of haematological malignancies, such as lymphomas, and non-melanoma skin cancer, whereas a relationship between melanoma and biologicals has been described. Therefore, the benefits and harms must be considered in treatment decision. To reduce the risks of malignancy it is advised temporarily interrupt treatment or restrict the use of certain drugs to a limited time. To avoid skin cancer sun protection and skin surveillance is recommended.

Many neoplastic complications are described in IBD these could be due to the desease or to the treatment. In this presentation we will focus on a case of multiple neuroendocrine tumors in a patient with Crhon's disease.
Educational objectives:
- to know the main neoplastic complications in IBD
- to understand the possible etiology.