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P0947: A switch to infliximab may be more effective than ustekinumab following adalimumab pharmacodynamic failure in pediatric patients with Crohn’s diseaseECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Driban, G.(1);Matar, M.(2);Lev-Tzion, R.(1);Ledder, O.(1);Granot, M.(3);Yerushalmy-Feler, A.(4);Magen-Rimon, R.(5);Zifman, E.(6);Turner, D.(1);Assa, A.(7)*;
(1)Shaare Zedek Medical Center- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem- Jerusalem- Israel, The Juliet Keiden Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Jerusalem, Israel;(2)Institute of Gastroenterology- Nutrition and Liver Diseases- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel- Petach Tikva- he Faculty of Medical and Health Science- Tel-Aviv University- Tel-Aviv- Israel, Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Petach Tikva, Israel;(3)Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital- Sheba Medical Center- Tel-Hashomer- the Faculty of Medical and Health Science- Tel-Aviv University- Tel-Aviv- Israel., Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Ramat Gan, Israel;(4)"Dana-Dwek" Children's Hospital- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and he Faculty of Medical and Health Science- Tel Aviv University- Tel Aviv- Israel, Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel;(5)Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Institute- Ruth Children's Hospital of Haifa- Rambam Medical Center- Faculty of Medicine- Technion- Haifa- Israel., Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Institute, Haifa, Israel;(6)Meir Medical Center- Kfar Saba and he Faculty of the Medical and Health Science- Tel-Aviv University- Tel Aviv- Israel., Pediatric gastroenterology clinic, Kfar Saba, Israel;(7)Shaare Zedek Medical Center- The Hebrew University- Jerusalem Israel, The Juliet Keidan institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Jerusalem, Israel;
P0948: Comparative outcomes of Adalimumab and Infliximab dose escalation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients failing first-line biologic treatmentECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Atay, A.(1)*;Cagir, Y.(1);Ergul, M.(1);Ozturk, O.(1);Durak, M.B.(2);Yuksel, I.(1,3);
(1)Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey;(2)Hacettepe University- Faculty of Medicine., Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey;(3)Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University School of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey;
P0949: Long term real-world effectiveness and safety of upadacitinib in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease: A Belgian multi-centric refractory cohortECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Pavlidi, A.(1)*;Verstockt, B.(2);Vieujean, S.(3);Desmedt, V.(4);Couturier, F.(5);Rahier, J.F.(6);Baert, F.(7);Somers, M.(8);Dewit, O.(9);Bossuyt, P.(10);Hoyois, A.(11);Holvoet, T.(12);Ouziel, R.(13);Willandt, B.(14);Lambrecht, G.(15);Salame, M.(16);Verreth, A.(17);Lenfant, M.(2);Franchimont, D.(1);Cremer, A.(1);
(1)Erasme University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium;(2)University Hospital Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology, Leuven, Belgium;(3)University Hospital CHU of Liège, Department of Gastroenterology, Liège, Belgium;(4)University Hospital Gent, Department of Gastroenterology, Gent, Belgium;(5)GZA Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Antwerp, Belgium;(6)CHU UCL Namur site Mont-Godinne, Department of Gastroenterology, Yvoir, Belgium;(7)AZ Delta, Department of Gastroenterology, Roeselare, Belgium;(8)University Hospital Antwerp, Department of Gastroenterology, Antwerp, Belgium;(9)Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium;(10)Imelda General Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Bonheiden, Belgium;(11)CHU Saint-Pierre, Department of Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium;(12)VITAZ Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium;(13)CHU Marie Curie, Department of Gastroenterology, Charleroi, Belgium;(14)AZ St. Jan Brugge, Department of Gastroenterology, Brugge, Belgium;(15)AZ Oostende, Department of Gastroenterology, Oostende, Belgium;(16)Centre Hospitalier Régional Haute Senne, Department of Gastroenterology, Soignies, Belgium;(17)AZ Voorkempen, Department of Gastroenterology, Malle, Belgium;
P0950: Comparing Real-World use of Dietary and Medical Therapies in Children and Adults with IBDECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Barnett, M.(1)*;Su, W.K.(2,3);Pipicella, J.(2,3);Kaur, H.(1);Wilson, W.(4);Connor, S.J.(3,5);Andrews, J.M.(1,6);
(1)Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Adelaide, Australia;(2)The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sydney, Australia;(3)Liverpool Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sydney, Australia;(4)Lyell McEwin Hospital, Department of Anaesthetics, Adelaide, Australia;(5)South Western Sydney Clinical School- University of New South Wales, Medicine & Health, Sydney, Australia;(6)University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia;
P0951: The effects of delayed surgery in Inflammatory Bowel Disease – a health economic analysisECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Åberg, H.(1);Bengtsson, J.(1,2);Park, J.(1,2);de la Croix, H.(1,2);Hermanson, M.(1,2)*;
(1)Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Department of surgery, Gothenburg, Sweden;(2)Institute of Clinical Sciences- Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sweden;
P0952: Effect of a Care Pathway for Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Patient Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization: results of the IBD Value StudyECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Visser, E.(1,2)*;van Linschoten, R.(3);Bodelier, A.(4);Fitzpatrick, C.(5);de Jonge, V.(6);Vermeulen, H.(7);Verweij, E.(8);van der Wiel, S.(9);van der Horst, D.(10);van der Woude, C.J.(11);van Noord, D.(1);West, R.L.(1);
(1)Franciscus, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(2)Erasmus MC, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(3)Erasmus MC, Family Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(4)Amphia Hospital, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Breda, The Netherlands;(5)IJsselland Hospital, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Capelle aan de IJssel, The Netherlands;(6)Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands;(7)Ikazia Hospital, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(8)Maasstad Hospital, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(9)Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Delft, The Netherlands;(10)Crohn & Colitis NL, Crohn & Colitis NL, Woerden, The Netherlands;(11)Radboud UMC, Healthcare Related Education, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Southwest Netherlands IBD Study Group

1. van Linschoten RCA, van Leeuwen N, Nieboer D, et al. Value-based care pathway for inflammatory bowel disease: a protocol for the multicentre longitudinal non-randomised parallel cluster IBD Value study with baseline period. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e050539. Published 2022 Jan 12. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050539

P0953: Real world effectiveness and safety of filgotinib in Ulcerative Colitis: 1 year follow-up results of the ICC registryECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Naber, M.(1)*;van der Meulen, A.(2);Voorneveld, P.(2);van Bodegraven, A.(3);Duijvestein, M.(4);Pierik, M.(5);Verleye, L.(5);Bodelier, A.(6);Bouwknegt, D.(7);Visschedijk, M.(7);West, R.(8);van der Marel, S.(9);Mensink, P.(10);de Vries, A.(11);Römkens, T.(12);Oldenburg, B.(1);Löwenberg, M.(13);van Schaik, F.(1);
(1)UMC Utrecht, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht, The Netherlands;(2)Leids UMC, Gastroenterology, Leiden, The Netherlands;(3)Zuyderland, Gastroenterology, Sittard, The Netherlands;(4)Radboudumc, Gastroenterology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;(5)Maastricht UMC+, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(6)Amphia Ziekenhuis, Gastroenterology, Breda, The Netherlands;(7)UMC Groningen, Gastroenterology, Groningen, The Netherlands;(8)Franciscus, Gastroenterology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(9)Haaglanden MC, Gastroenterology, Den Haag, The Netherlands;(10)Medisch Spectrum Twente, Gastroenterology, Enschede, The Netherlands;(11)Erasmus MC, Gastroenterology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(12)Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Gastroenterology, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands;(13)Amsterdam UMC, Gastroenterology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis (ICC) Registry
P0954: Food-related quality of life and dietary choices are associated with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Døssing, A.S.Y.(1);Bager, P.(1,2);Julsgaard, M.(1,2);Borre, M.(1);Whelan, K.(3);Hvas, C.L.(1,2);RudRud, C.(1,2)*;
(1)Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus, Denmark;(2)Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark;(3)King’s College London, Department of Nutritional Sciences, London, United Kingdom;

1. Whelan K, Murrells T, Morgan M, et al. Food-related quality of life is impaired in inflammatory bowel disease and associated with reduced intake of key nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(4):832-844.
2. Limdi JK, Aggarwal D, McLaughlin JT. Dietary Practices and Beliefs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(1):164-170.

P0955: Calcium supplementation, but not the Mediterranean diet, significantly reduced bone resorption metabolite in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A randomized controlled trialECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Pfeffer-Gik, T.(1)*;Godny, L.(1);Cohen, S.(1);Shakhman, S.(1);Avni Biron, I.(1);Yanai, H.(1);Banai Eran, H.(1);Broitman , Y.(1);Snir, Y.(1);Ollech, J.(1);Barkan, R.(1);Elial Fatal, S.(1);Yackobovich Gavan, M.(2,3);Shimon, I.(4);Tzvetov, G.(4);Dotan, I.(1);
(1)Rabin Medical Center affiliated to the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences- Tel Aviv University- Tel Aviv, Division of Gastroenterology, Petah Tikva, Israel;(2)Schneider Childrens Medical Center of Israel, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes- National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Petah Tikva, Israel;(3)School of Public Health- Sackler Faculty of Medicine- Tel Aviv University, Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel;(4)Rabin medical center- Beilinson campus- affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine- Tel Aviv University- Tel Aviv, Institute of endocrinology- diabetes and metabolism, Petah Tikva, Israel;
P0956: Predicting Clinical Remission in Crohn’s Disease: A Comparative Study of Expert-Generated and Computer-Generated Bayesian NetworksECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Okegunna, Y.(1)*;Utriainen, M.(2);Cloots, M.J.J.(3);Zhang, J.(2);Bermejo, I.(2);Verleye, L.(4);Mujagic, Z.(5);Duijvestein, M.(6);Dekker, A.(2);Pierik, M.J.(5);Fijten, R.R.R.(7);
(1)Maastricht University, Department of Radiation Oncology MAASTRO- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology- Maastricht University Medical Centre+- Maastricht- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- NUTRIM- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(2)Maastricht University, Department of Radiation Oncology MAASTRO- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology- Maastricht University Medical Centre+- Maastricht- The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(3)Maastricht University, 1 Department of Radiation Oncology MAASTRO- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology- Maastricht University Medical Centre+- Maastricht- The Netherlands 2 Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- NUTRIM- Maastricht University Medical Ce, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(4)Maastricht University, Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- NUTRIM- Maastricht University Medical Centre- Maastricht- The Netherlands- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- Radboud University Medical Centre- Nijmegen- The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(5)Maastricht University, Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- NUTRIM- Maastricht University Medical Centre- Maastricht- The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(6)Radboud University, Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology- Radboud University Medical Centre- Nijmegen- The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands;(7)Maastricht Univers, Department of Radiation Oncology MAASTRO- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology- Maastricht University Medical Centre+- Maastricht- The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands;

Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Gasink C, et al. Long‐term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab for Crohn’s disease through the second year of therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(1):65-77. doi:10.1111/apt.14794

Park E, Chang H jae, Nam HS. A Bayesian Network Model for Predicting Post-stroke Outcomes With Available Risk Factors. Front Neurol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00699

P0957: Flow of Advanced Therapy Pathways and Variations over Time in Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Data from the Persistence Australian National IBD Cohort (PANIC5)ECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Pan, F.Y.(1)*;Pudipeddi, P.(2);Chetwood, J.(2);Choi, C.H.(2);Leong, R.(2);
(1)Macquarie University Hospital, Gastroenterology, Sydney, Australia;(2)Concord Hospital, Gastroenterology, Sydney, Australia;

Ko Y, Paramsothy S, Yau Y, Leong RW. Superior treatment persistence with ustekinumab in Crohn's disease and vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis compared with anti-TNF biological agents: real-world registry data from the Persistence Australian National IBD Cohort (PANIC) study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Aug;54(3):292-301. doi: 10.1111/apt.16436. Epub 2021 Jun 20. PMID: 34151447.

P0958: Curcumin-QingDai combination for active ulcerative colitis: A cost-effectiveness analysisECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Yanai, H.(1)*;Choi, D.(2);Ben-Horin, S.(3);Salomon, N.(4);Loebstein, R.(5);Leshno, M.(6);Rubin, D.T.(2);
(1)Rabin Medical Center, Gastroenterology, Petah Tiqwa, Israel;(2)University of Chicago Medicine, Gastroenterology, Chicago, United States;(3)Tel-HaShomer Sheba Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ramat Gan, Israel;(4)Sheba Medical Center, Gastroenterology, Ramat Gan, Israel;(5)Sheba Medical Center, Phamacology, Ramat Gan, Israel;(6)Tel-Aviv University, Coller School of Management, Tel-Aviv, Israel;

1. Yanai, H., et al., Real-world experience with Curcumin-QingDai combination for patients with active ulcerative colitis: A retrospective multicentre cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2023. 58(2): p. 175-181.
2. Ben-Horin, S., et al., Curcumin-QingDai Combination for Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024. 22(2): p. 347-356 e6.
3. Ben-Horin, S., et al., Letter: Change in bowel urgency in active ulcerative colitis patients treated with Curcumin-QingDai (CurQD): A post-hoc analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Crohns Colitis, 2024.

P0959: Mode of treatment choice by the patients with Inflammatory bowel disease.ECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Yehia, A.(1);MudegeBSc., T.(2)*;Hoque, S.(3);
(1)Whips Cross Univeristy Hospital- Bart's NHS Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;(2)Whipps Cross University Hospital, Department of Endoscopy, London, United Kingdom;(3)Whipps Cross University Hospital- Bart's NHS Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;

1.Bager, P., et al. (2011). Patient preferences for oral versus parenteral treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 45(7), 639-644. 
2.IBD Oral versus Parental Therapy Survey (office.com)
3. Lichtenstein, G. R., et al. (2010). Convenience of oral therapies in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 105(6), 1367-1376. 
4.Hart, A., et al. (2014). Quality of life in IBD patients using oral and parenteral treatments. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20(4), 632-640. 

P0960: Risankizumab induces radiological healing in treatment-refractory small bowel Crohn's disease.ECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Shakweh, E.(1,2)*;Zare, B.(1,3,4);Ibarra, A.(5);Conde-Jimenez, R.(5);Yeo, J.H.(6);Gerard, P.(6);Kok, K.B.(5);Harrow, P.(6);Samaan, M.(4);Hart, A.(1,2);
(1)St Mark's The National Bowel Hospital- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;(2)Imperial College London, Department of Metabolism- Digestion and Reproduction, London, United Kingdom;(3)Imperial College London, Department of Cancer and Surgery, London, United Kingdom;(4)IBD Centre- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;(5)The Royal London Hospital- Barts Health NHS Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;(6)University College Hospital- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom;

1. Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Crohn's disease. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1741-1755. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31711-1.
2. Ferrante, Marc et al. "Risankizumab as maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active Crohn's disease: results from the multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal phase 3 FORTIFY maintenance trial." Lancet (London, England) vol. 399,10340 (2022): 2031-2046. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00466-4.
3. Zare B, Gros B, Lal N, et alEffectiveness of risankizumab induction and maintenance therapy for refractory Crohn’s disease: a real-world experience from a pre-approval access programme and early access to medicines scheme. Frontline Gastroenterology 2024;15:499-506. doi: 0.1136/flgastro-2024-102809.
4. Fumery, Mathurin et al. "Effectiveness and safety of risankizumab induction therapy for 100 patients with Crohn's disease: A GETAID multicentre cohort study." Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics vol. 57,4 (2023): 426-434. doi:10.1111/apt.17358.

*Eathar Shakweh and Benjamin Zare have contributed equally to this work and are acknowledged as joint first authors.
P0961: Establishing a new cellular therapy for patients with Ulcerative ColitisECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Skov, J.(1)*;Filidou, E.(1);Clement, D.L.(1);Børsch, A.S.(2);Steenholdt, C.(3);Maimets, M.(1);Jensen, K.B.(1);
(1)Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;(2)Section for Health Services Research, Department of Public Health- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;(3)Department of Clinical Medicine- Faculty of Health Sciences- University of Copenhagen, Department of Gastroenterology- Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;
P0962: Relationship between Total Corticosteroid Dose Prior to Advanced Therapy Induction and Primary Non-ResponseECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Yokoo, T.(1)*;Yoshikawa, S.(1);Masuda, T.(1);Terauchi, S.(1);Uchida, H.(1);Nakao, T.(1);Inagaki, M.(1);Tani, T.(1);Okamoto, K.(1);Shibata, Y.(1);Inatsugi, N.(1);
(1)Kenseikai Dongo hospital, Nara Coloproctology center, Yamatotakada city, Japan;

1) Nurulamin MN. A biomarker-stratified comparison of top-down versus accelerated step-up treatment strategies for patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (PROFILE). Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9(5):415-427 doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00034-7

P0963: Nationwide analysis of targeted telemedicinal patient education in IBD – a randomized-controlled trialECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Bacsur , P.(1);Ivány , E.(1);Farkas , B.(1);Bálint , A.(1);Fábián , A.(1);Bor , R.(1);Rutka , M.(1);Bősze , Z.(1);Szepes , Z.(1);Molnár , T.(1);Farkas , K.(1,2)*;
(1)Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School- University of Szeged, Department of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary;(2)HCEMM-USZ, Translational Colorectal Research Group, Szeged, Hungary;
P0964: The effect of alarms on completion of electronic diaries in patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Kusanto, B.(1)*;Visser, M.(1);Wandare, N.(1);Capece, A.(1);Lee, E.(1);Byrom, B.(1);Everhart, A.(1);
(1)Signant Health, Digital Health Services, Bluebell, United States;
P0965: Sequencing Therapy for Optimal Response in Mirikizumab (STORM) StudyECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Kubesch, A.(1)*;Lande, R.(1);Farrag, K.(1);Dienethal, A.(1);Sprinzl, K.(1);Zeuzem, S.(1);Blumenstein, I.(1);
(1)Goethe University- University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine I, Frankfurt, Germany;
P0966: Fecal calprotectin in Small Bowel Crohn's Disease: is it a reliable tool?ECCO'25
Year: 2025
Authors: Souto, M.(1,2,3)*;Ferreira, A.I.(1,2,3);Gonçalves, J.(1,2,3);Macedo Silva, V.(1,2,3);Arieira, C.(1,2,3);Dias de Castro, F.(1,2,3);Leite, S.(1,2,3);Cotter, J.(1,2,3);
(1)ULS Alto Ave, Gastroenterology, Guimarães, Portugal;(2)ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal;(3)Life and Health Sciences Research Institute ICVS, School of Medicine- University of Minho, Braga, Portugal;