¹Mater Dei Hospital, Gastroenterology, Msida, Malta, ²University of Malta, Department of Biochemistry, Msida, Malta, ³Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany

¹University of the Faroe Islands, Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, ²National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Department of Medicine, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, ³Genetic Biobank of the Faroe Islands, FarGen, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, ⁴Genetic Biobank of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

¹Mater Dei Hospital, Gastroenterology, Msida, Malta, ²University of Malta, Department of Biochemistry, Msida, Malta, ³Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany

¹Mater Dei Hospital, Gastroenterology, Msida, Malta, ²University of Malta, Department of Biochemistry, Msida, Malta, ³Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany

¹Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition center, Riga, Latvia, ²University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, ³Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Riga, Latvia

¹KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium, ²KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), Leuven, Belgium, ³University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium, ⁴University Hospital of Ghent, Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent, Belgium, ⁵University Hospitals Brussels, Department of Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium

¹Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Biology, Athens, Greece, ²Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece, ³Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kiel, Germany, ⁴Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus

¹Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Trondheim, Norway, ²Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA) and NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ³St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁴St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁵Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Trondheim, Norway, ⁶St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Trondheim, Norway

¹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ²Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, Clermont Ferrand, France, ³The Chinese University of Honk Kong, Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

¹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ²The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China

¹Dalhousie University, Department of Biology, Halifax, Canada, ²Dalhousie University, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Halifax, Canada, ³PIBD Research Center Paediatric gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, ⁴Institute for Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁵Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada, Edmonton, Canada, ⁶IWK Health Centre / Dalhousie University, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Halifax, Canada

¹Venizeleio General Hospital, Gastroenterology, Heraklion, Greece

¹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medicine & Therapeutics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ²The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Digestive Disease, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ³The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia, ⁴St Vincent's Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Melbourne, Australia, ⁵The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia

¹Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research, Trondheim, Norway, ²Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway, ³St Olav’s Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁴Levanger Hospital, Department of Medicine [Gastroenterology], Levanger, Norway, ⁵Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Research Division of Immunology, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ⁶Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

¹KU Leuven, TARGID, Leuven, Belgium, ²Rega Institute for Medical Research, Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium, ³University hospitals Leuven, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium

¹The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia, ²Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, ³University College Cork, APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland, ⁴The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁵The Chinese University of Hong Kong, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁶The University of Melbourne and St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Department of Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, Melbourne, Australia, ⁷The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

¹IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain, ²CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain, ³Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain

¹Rabin Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Petah-Tikva, Israel, ²Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel, ³Tel Aviv University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁴Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Proctology Unit, Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv, Israel

¹Novosibirsk State Medical University, Department of Internal Diseases, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, ²North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Department of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics named after S.M. Ryss, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, ³Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, ⁴Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, ⁵State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations of FMBA, Department of Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

¹University of Liverpool, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, UK, ²University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Glasgow, UK, ³University of Liverpool, Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), Liverpool, UK, ⁴Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, ⁵Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK