¹PhD Course in Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy, ²IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Advanced Translational Diagnostics Laboratory, Trieste, Italy, ³University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, Italy, ⁴University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy

¹St. Mark’s Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harrow, UK, ²Imperial College London, Computational Systems Division, London, UK, ³St. Mark’s Hospital, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Unit, Harrow, UK

Rostov State Medical University, Gastroenterology, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

¹Leiden University Medical Center, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands, ²Leiden University Medical Center, Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden, The Netherlands

The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University South Campus, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou, China

Rostov State Medical University, Department of Gastroenterology, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

West China Hospital, Gastroenterology, Chengdu, China

Tel-HaShomer Sheba Medical Center Edmond and Lily Safra Childrens Hospital, Paediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Ramat-Gan, Israel

¹University of Colorado Denver, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Pediatrics, Aurora, USA, ²University of Colorado, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Pediatrics, Aurora, USA, ³Children’s Hospital Colorado, Pediatrics, Aurora, USA, ⁴University College Dublin, Pharmacology, Dublin, Ireland

¹Charité – University Medicine Berlin- CBF and German Rheumatism Research Center-Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany, ²Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Inflammatory Mechanisms Group, Berlin, Germany, ³Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Mass Cytometry Group, Berlin, Germany

¹Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Department of Gastroenterology, IIS-IP and CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain, ²Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Department of Gastroenterology, IIS-IP and CIBERehd. Departamento de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid., Madrid, Spain, ³Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Department of Gastroenterology, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain, ⁴Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular IBGM, Mucosal Immunology Lab. Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC., Valladolid, Spain, ⁵Both authors had equal contribution, as senior authors, Madrid, Spain

¹Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark, ²University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zagreb, Croatia, ³University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department for Clinical Nutrition, Zagreb, Croatia

¹Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ²Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ³Laboratory of Intestinal Mucosa and Skin Immunology, SMG-SNU Boramae medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ⁴Division of Gastroenterology- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea

¹FIDIS, Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, ²University Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, Santiago, Spain, ³University Hospital Santiago De Compostela CHUS, Department of Gastroenterology- IBD Unit, Santiago De Compostela, Spain

Ewha Womans University, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹University of Glasgow, School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK, ²University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Glasgow, UK, ³Royal Hospital for Children, Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Glasgow, UK, ⁴Crosshouse Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Kilmarnock, UK, ⁵Wishaw General Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Wishaw, UK

¹Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Gastroenterology, New York, USA, ²Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, USA, ³University of Cambridge, Medicine, Cambridge, UK, ⁴Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Population Health Science and Policy, New york, USA, ⁵Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Human Immune Monitoring Center, New York, USA, ⁶Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Genetics and Genomics, New York, USA, ⁷Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine Gastroenterology, New York City, USA

¹University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Padova, Italy, ²University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Varese, Italy

¹Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Trondheim, Norway, ²St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Clinic of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway, ³St. Olav`s University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Medicine, Norway, Trondheim, Norway, ⁴Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

¹Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arnhem, The Netherlands, ²Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Pathology, Arnhem, The Netherlands, ³Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arnhem, The Netherlands