Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Gastroenterology, Tokyo, Japan

¹The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou, China, ²The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong, China

¹Weill Cornell Medicine, Medicine, New York, USA, ²Cornell University, Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA

¹Orlowski Hospital, CPME, Department of General, Oncological and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Warsaw, Poland, ²Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, ³Institute of Oncology, Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, Warsaw, Poland, ⁴Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw, Poland, ⁵Warsaw Agricultural University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

¹University of Florence, Clinical Gastroenterology Unit- Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Firenze, Italy, ²KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders TARGID, Leuven, Belgium, ³KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium, ⁴KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium, ⁵University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium, ⁶University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Leuven, Belgium

¹National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Central clinical laboratory, Moscow, Russian Federation, ²National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gastroenterology Department with Hepatology Group, Moscow, Russian Federation

The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou, China

¹Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems, Norwich, UK, ²Quadram Institute, Gut Microbes and Health, Norwich, UK, ³KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders TARGID, Leuven, Belgium, ⁴BenevolentAI, Precision Medicine Team, London, UK, ⁵University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium

¹Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems, Norwich, UK, ²Quadram Institute Biosciences, Gut microbes and Health, Norwich, UK, ³University of East Anglia, Norwich Medical School, Norwich, UK, ⁴University of East Anglia, School of Biological Sciences, Norwich, UK

¹Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany, ²PharMetrx, Graduate Research Training Program, Berlin, Germany, ³Universität Potsdam, Institute of Mathematics, Potsdam, Germany, ⁴Medical University of Vienna, Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vienna, Austria

¹Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden, ²Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping, Sweden, ³Linköping University, Department of Surgery, Norrköping, Sweden, ⁴Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁵Technical University of Denmark, Department of Health Technology, Lyngby, Denmark, ⁶Linköping University, Department of Surgery, Linköping, Sweden

¹Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Digestive Diseases Department, Terrassa, Spain, ²Centro de Investigación biomédica en red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas CIBERehd, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain, ³Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Laboratori de Recerca. Fundació Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain, ⁴Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Department of Pathology, Terrassa, Spain

¹University College Dublin, School of Medicine, Dublin 4, Ireland, ²University of Colorado Denver, Anesthesiology, Aurora, USA, ³Maynooth University, Biology, Maynooth, Ireland, ⁴University of Colorado Denver, Pathology, Aurora, USA, ⁵University of Colorado Denver, Gastroenterology, Aurora, USA, ⁶University of Colorado Denver, Pulmonary medicine and critical care, Aurora, USA

¹PhD Course in Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy, ²IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Advanced Translational Diagnostics Laboratory, Trieste, Italy, ³University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, Italy, ⁴University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy

¹St. Mark’s Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harrow, UK, ²Imperial College London, Computational Systems Division, London, UK, ³St. Mark’s Hospital, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Unit, Harrow, UK

Rostov State Medical University, Gastroenterology, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

¹Leiden University Medical Center, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands, ²Leiden University Medical Center, Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden, The Netherlands

The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University South Campus, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou, China

Rostov State Medical University, Department of Gastroenterology, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

West China Hospital, Gastroenterology, Chengdu, China