¹Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, ²Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, ³Department of Medical Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway, ⁴Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish Metabolomics Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, ⁵The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Department of Biology, Protagonist Therapeutics, Newark, USA

¹NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Gastroenterology, Birmingham, UK, ²University Hospitals Birmingham, Pathology, Birmingham, UK, ³Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁵Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

¹Department of System Toxicology, Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, ²Mimetas BV, Leiden, The Netherlands

¹Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany, ²Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany, ³Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany

¹Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, ²Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ³Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ⁴Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ⁵Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences BKV and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine WCMM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, ⁶Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

¹Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece, ²GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, ³Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, ⁴University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

¹Kliniczny Szpital Wojewodzki Nr 2 im. Sw. Krolowej Jadwigi w Rzeszowie, Klinika Gastroenterologii i Centralna Pracownia Endoskopii, Rzeszow, Poland, ²Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit, Clinical Hospital 2- Rzeszów- Poland, Rzeszow, Poland, ³University of Rzeszow, Medical Faculty, Rzeszow, Poland

¹Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive System Medicine, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, ²Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty of Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

¹Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Gastroenterology Institute, Ramat gan, Israel, ²Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, ³Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Rheumatology Institute, Ramat gan, Israel

¹BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS Research Center and IDIS Health Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, ²Department of Gastroenterology, IBD Unit, University Hospital Santiago De Compostela CHUS, Santiago De Compostela, Spain

¹Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Immunobiology, Glasgow, UK, ²Medical Research Institute, QIMR Berghofer, Immunology in Cancer and Infection, Brisbane, Australia, ³Gastroenterology Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Gastroenterology, Glasgow, UK, ⁴Rankine Building,- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Microbial Informatics, Glasgow, UK, ⁵Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, USA

¹Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Berlin, Germany, ²Charité, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Department of Gastroenterology, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

¹Department of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, ²FISABIO, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain, ³Department of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, ⁴Hospital de Manises, Cirugía General y Digestiva, Manises, Spain, ⁵Hospital la Fe, Cirugía General y Digestiva, Valencia, Spain, ⁶Department of Pharmacy and CIBERehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, ⁷Department of Medicine and CIBERehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

¹School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, ²School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, ³Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

¹Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ²Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Crohn and Colitis Centre, Arnhem, The Netherlands, ³Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ⁴Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands, ⁵Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

¹INSERM, Pierre and Marie Curie University, CRSA UMRS_938 Team Microbiota Intestine and Inflammation, Paris, France, ²Saint Antoine Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Paris, France, ³INRA, Micalis, Jouy-enJosas, France

¹Charité, University Medicine Berlin, CBF and German Rheumatism Research Center-Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany, ²Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum- ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Inflammatory Mechanisms Group, Berlin, Germany, ³Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Gut Health Group, Aberdeen, UK, ⁴Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt

¹Adelphi Real World, Adelphi, Manchester, UK, ²Janssen-Cilag, Janssen, Solna, Sweden, ³Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Janssen, Horsham- PA, USA