¹Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC- location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ²Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC- location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ³Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

¹Department of Gastroenterology, APHP Saint Louis, Paris, France, ²Department of Gastroenterology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France, ³REMIND, Group, Paris, France, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France, ⁵Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France, ⁶Department of Gastroenterology, APHP Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France, ⁷Department of Gastroenterology, APHP Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France, ⁸Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France, ⁹INSERM, Unité 1160, Paris, France

¹Gastroenterology Department, CHRU Lille, Lille, France, ²Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Lisbona, Portugal, ³Department of Gastreonterology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology, St. Marks Academic Institute, London, UK, ⁵Department of Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, ⁶Department of Gastroenterology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, ⁷Department of Gastroenterology, Brown Block Mater Dei, Msida, Malta, ⁸Department of Gastroenterology, Universitu of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania, ⁹Department of Gastroenterology, Nicosia Private Practice, Nicosia, Cyprus, ¹⁰Department of Gastroenterology, Ioannina, Greece, ¹¹Department of Gastroenterology, Zagreb, Croatia, ¹²Department of Gastroenterology, Dublin, Ireland, ¹³Department of Gastroenterology, Slagelse, Denmark, ¹⁴Department of Gastroenterology, Hull, London, UK, ¹⁵Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen, Denmark, ¹⁶Department of Gastroenterology, London, UK, ¹⁷Department of Gastroenterology, Padova, Italy, ¹⁸Department of Gastroenterology, Prague, Czech Republic, ¹⁹Department of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ²⁰Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France

¹Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Tel-HaShomer Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel, ²Department of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA, ³Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

¹The Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ²School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden, ³Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

¹Department of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, ²Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ³Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, ⁵Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

¹University of Birmingham Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ²Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK, ³Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁴Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁵NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁶IBD Unit, St Marks Hospital, London, UK, ⁷Gastroenterology Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK, ⁸Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ⁹Human Nutrition- School of Medicine- Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, ¹⁰Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, ¹¹MRC, Health Data Research UK, Birmingham, UK

¹Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre - Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ²Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ³Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ⁴Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ⁵Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre - Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

¹Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, TARGID, Leuven, Belgium, ²Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ³Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals - Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

¹Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark, ²Gastrounit- Medical Division, Amager Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark, ³Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

¹i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Immunology- Cancer and Glycomedicine Group, Porto, Portugal, ²Department of Gastroenterology, Porto Centre Hospital, Porto, Portugal

¹Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, ²Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, ³Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, ⁴Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

¹Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing - TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ²Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK, ³Korcsmaros Group, Organisms and Ecosystems, Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ⁵Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

¹Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ²Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ³Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ⁴Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ⁵Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, ⁶Gastroenterology Division, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal

¹Gastroenterology Department, Kremlin Bicetre Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris Sud, Saint-Mandé, France, ²Gustave Roussy Institute, Inserm, Villejuif, France, ³Gastroenterology Department, Kremlin Bicetre Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris Sud, Paris, France, ⁴Pediatric Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, ⁵Gastroenterology Department, Norwich Medical School, Norwich, UK, ⁶Gastroenterology and Gut Biology Department, Norwich Medical School, Norwich, UK

Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

¹Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, ²Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK, ³Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institue, Edinburgh, UK, ⁴Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, Aberdeen, UK, ⁵Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK, ⁶Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ⁷Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

¹Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Kessel-Lo, Belgium, ²Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium, ³Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ⁴Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

¹Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK, ²Exeter IBD Pharmacogenetics, University of Exeter., Exeter, UK

¹Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam UMC - Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ²Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, ³Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, ⁴Wolfson Medical Centre, Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Holon, Israel