¹University of Liverpool, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, UK, ²University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Glasgow, UK, ³University of Liverpool, Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), Liverpool, UK, ⁴Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, ⁵Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK

¹Naval Hospital of Crete, Department of Gastroenterology, Chania, Greece, ²Venizelio General Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Heraklion, Greece

¹PGIMER, Gastroenterology, Chandigarh, India, ²PGIMER, Microbiology, Chandigarh, India, ³PGIMER, Cytology, Chandigarh, India, ⁴PGIMER, Pathology, Chandigarh, India

¹Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea

¹Peking University First Hospital, Gastroenterology, Beijing, China

¹University College Cork, College of Medicine & Health, Cork, Ireland, ²McMaster University, Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Hamilton, Canada, ³Humber College, School of Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada, ⁴University of Cape Town, Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa, ⁵Hamilton Health Sciences, Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hamilton, Canada

¹China Medical University Hospital, Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan, ²China Medical University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taichung, Taiwan, ³China Medical University, School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁴China Medical University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁵The Taiwan Society of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Taipei, Taiwan

¹The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia, ²Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, ³University College Cork, APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland, ⁴The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁵The Chinese University of Hong Kong, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁶The University of Melbourne and St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Department of Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, Melbourne, Australia, ⁷The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

¹Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Gastroenterology, Oviedo, Spain, ²Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, ³Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Laboratory of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain, ⁴Regional Ministry of Health of the Principality of Asturias, Department of Epidemiological Surveillance, Oviedo, Spain, ⁵Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Oviedo, Spain

¹Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, South Korea

¹The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia, ²Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, ³University College Cork, APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland, ⁴The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁵The Chinese University of Hong Kong, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁶The University of Melbourne and St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Department of Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, Melbourne, Australia, ⁷The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

¹Erasmus Medical Centrum, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ²Bar-Ilan University, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel

¹Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Institute of microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China

¹The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China, ²the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China, ³Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ⁴Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA, ⁵Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Guangzhou, China, ⁶Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

¹Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, ²Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Microbiology, Seoul, South Korea, ³The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Internal Medicine, Suwon, South Korea, ⁴Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, ⁵South Texas Center of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biology, San Antonio, USA

¹Hvidovre University Hospital, The Paediatric Department, Hvidovre, Denmark, ²Statens Serum Institut, The Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark, ³Nordsjaellands Hospital, The Paediatric Department, Hilleroed, Denmark, ⁴Hvidovre University Hospital, The GastroUnit, Hvidovre, Denmark

¹University Medical Center Utrecht, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ²University Medical Center Utrecht, Department Medical Microbiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands, ³Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands, ⁴Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ede, The Netherlands, ⁵University Medical Center Utrecht, Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

¹Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Gastroenterology, Porto, Portugal, ²Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Infectious Diseases, Porto, Portugal

¹Beingpharma, Milan, Italy, ²AAT-Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy, ³Università degli studi di Milano, Defens, Milano, Italy

¹University Hospital, Gastroenterology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, ²Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain